Tropischer Ozean beeinflusst Ozonschicht
Kieler Forscher fanden heraus, dass in Küstenbereichen des tropischen Westpazifiks große Mengen an natürlichen Halogenverbindungen produziert werden, die die Ozonschicht in der Stratosphäre schädigen können.
Ausdehnung des Ozonlochs über dem Südpol von 1957 bis 2001. (Animation, Quelle: wikiedia)
(KEIL) Kieler Forscher zeigen erste Ergebnisse, dass in Küstenbereichen des tropischen Westpazifiks große Mengen an natürlichen Halogenverbindungen produziert werden, die die Ozonschicht in der Stratosphäre schädigen können.
Das Protokoll von Montreal war 1989 ein Meilenstein internationaler Umweltabkommen. Knapp 200 Staaten verpflichteten sich darin, die Emissionen industriell hergestellter Ozon abbauender Substanzen wie Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW) zu begrenzen. Ziel war, die Ozonschicht der Stratosphäre zu schützen, damit sich das damals bereits bestehende Ozonloch wieder schließen kann. Doch auch mehr als 20 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten des Protokolls existiert das Ozonloch weiterhin. Das liegt vor allem an der Langlebigkeit der von Menschen produzierten FCKW, die sich noch immer in der Stratosphäre befinden. Doch nicht alle Abbauvorgänge in der Ozonschicht können Atmosphärenforscher allein mit den von Menschen produzierten Gasen erklären. Deshalb sind Vorhersagen zur zukünftigen Entwicklung der Ozonschicht vor allem in gemäßigten Breiten sehr unsicher. Ein bisher wenig beachteter Faktor sind natürliche halogenhaltige Verbindungen, die ebenfalls Ozon in der Stratosphäreabbauen können. Starke Quellen für diese Verbindungen werden im Meer vermutet. Vor allem Brom- und Jodverbindungen werden dort von Organismen und bei chemischen Prozessen gebildet. „Es gibt bisher aber nur wenige Messungen, die diese Quellen für ozonschädliche Substanzen im Meer wirklich belegen. Speziell im tropischen Westpazifik gab es bisher gar keine“, sagt die Meereschemikerin Dr. Birgit Quack vom GEOMAR | Helmholtz- Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel. Zusammen mit der Meteorologin Dr. Kirstin Krüger leitete sie vom 15. bis 29. November 2011 eine Expedition mit dem deutschen Forschungsschiff SONNE im Südchinesischen Meer, die mithelfen sollte, diese Datenlücke zu schließen.
Die Messkampagne war Teil des EU-Projektes SHIVA, das vom Institut für Umweltphysik der Universität Heidelberg koordiniert wird. Zu den weiteren Projektpartnern gehören das Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), das Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), die Universität Bremen, die Goethe-Universität Frankfurt sowie Forschungseinrichtungen aus Großbritannien, Frankreich, Belgien, Norwegen, Malaysia sowie von den Philippinen. „Diese sehr unterschiedlichen Partner aus verschiedenen Ländern und Fachbereichen machen das Projekt zu etwas Besonderem – schon alleine wegen der unterschiedlichen Messplattformen, die im November im Einsatz waren“, sagt Dr. Quack. Die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen auf der SONNE wurden durch küstennahe Messungen von lokalen Schiffen aus vor der malaysischen Halbinsel und vor Borneo sowie durch Messungen des DLR-Forschungsflugzeugs FALCON über Borneo und dem Südchinesischen Meer ergänzt. Zeitgleich wurden an Land weitere Feld- und Labormessungen durchgeführt. Die Meeresforscher aus Kiel fanden während der Expedition ihre Vermutungen bestätigt: „Wir haben tatsächlich starke marine Quellen ozonschädigender Substanzen für die Atmosphäre nachgewiesen“, betont Dr. Quack. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen generell erhöhte Konzentrationen brom- und jodhaltiger Verbindungen im Wasser, die in den flachen Schelfregionen und nah den Küsten stellenweise besonders hoch sind.
Gelangen diese Substanzen vom Meerwasser in die Luft, können sie im Untersuchungsgebiet auch schnell in höhere Atmosphärenschichten transportiert werden. „Speziell über dem tropischen Westpazifik gibt es schnelle Aufwärtsströmungen. Meteorologen nennen das ‚hoch reichende Konvektion’. Sie gilt als effektiver Transportweg der marinen Spurengase in die Stratosphäre“, erklärt Dr. Krüger. Um diese Transportprozesse besser einschätzen zu können, war die FALCON auf Borneo stationiert und hat den Transport der Spurenstoffe durch die Atmosphäre verfolgt. „Dank dieser fach- und zentrenübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit haben wir einmaliges Datenmaterial für unsere Fragestellung erhalten“, sagt die Meteorologin.
Die genaue Auswertung und Interpretation dieser Daten wird jetzt in den beteiligten Instituten mit umfangreichen Chemie-, Transport- und globalen Klimamodellen erfolgen. So soll die zukünftige Entwicklung der Ozonschicht unter dem Einfluss der menschengemachten Veränderung in den tropischen Ozeanen und in der Atmosphäre vorhergesagt werden. „Der Einfluss der von Menschen produzierten Ozon-Killer wie FCKW ist zwar derzeit noch weit größer. Aber man muss die natürlichen Quellen für ozonschädigende Gase berücksichtigen, will man zuverlässige Prognosen über die zukünftige Entwicklung der stratosphärischen Ozonschicht erstellen“, betont Dr. Krüger, die als Autorin auch am jüngsten Ozon Assessment der World Meteorological Organization (WMO) mitgearbeitet hat.
Eingangsbild: Diese Ansicht aus der Umlaufbahn zeigt den Vollmond, der von der Erdatmosphäre teilweise verdunkelt wird. NASA-Bild. (Quelle: wikipedia)
Quelle: GEOMAR | Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, bearbeitet von Tanja Sophie Gesk
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