Pilze statt Chemiekeule
Studenten der Hochschule Wismar forschen an einem neuen Verfahren für umweltfreundliche Obst- und Gemüselagerung. Es dient auch der gesunden Ernährung.
PROPHYTA-Geschäftsführer Dr. Peter Lüth (re.) zeigt Wirtschaftsminister Harry Glawe (li.) und Prof. Christian Stollberg von der Hochschule Wismar Pilzsporen. (Quelle: PROPHYTA)
(WISMAR) Jedes Jahr werden Milliarden Tonnen Obst und Gemüse eingelagert, verschifft und transportiert. Bis heute werden die Nahrungsmittel grundsätzlich mit chemischen Substanzen bearbeitet, damit sie äußerlich appetitlich aussehend und geschmacklich einwandfrei beim Verbraucher ankommen. Gemäß EU-Pflanzenschutzrecht müssen jedoch die giftigen Verbindungen bis 2013 mengenmäßig um 50 Prozent gegenüber 2005 reduziert werden. Mecklenburger Ingenieure und Wissenschaftler wollen jetzt ein neuartiges biotechnologisches Verfahren unter Nutzung von Pilzen entwickeln, um künftig in großen Lagereinheiten aufbewahrte Lebensmittel auf natürliche Weise vor Keimen und Bakterien zu schützen.
Forschungen in Amerika (Universität Montana) an der in Zentralamerika vorkommenden Pilzspezies Muscodor haben gezeigt, dass diese gasförmige organische Verbindungen erzeugen können. Diese Gase aus Propanol, Naphthalen und Propanonsäure sind in der Lage, andere Pilzkeime abzutöten, welche Fäulnisprozesse an Nahrungsmitteln wie Obst, Gemüse, Kartoffeln und Getreide in Gang setzen und diese dann unbrauchbar machen. Erste Untersuchungsergebnisse haben sogar ein beachtliches antibiotisches Potenzial an gasförmigen Verbindungen belegt. Die PROPHYTA Biologischer Pflanzenschutz GmbH konnte zwei dieser Pilzisolate aus den USA erwerben, um diese mit einer speziellen von PROPHYTA entwickelten Technologie zu kultivieren und die entstehenden Abluftgase in Bioreaktoren (Fermentern) aufzufangen. Diese sollen auf die großräumige Eignung als biologisches Pflanzenschutzmittel hin untersucht werden.
Die seitens der Hochschule Wismar mittels Gaschromatograpie und Massenspektrometrie (GC/MS) ermittelten Informationen sollen Aufschluss darüber geben, wie sich die Gaszusammensetzung unter Kultivierungsbedingungen im Fermenter darstellt. „Am Fachbereich Verfahrenstechnik biogener Rohstoffe werden die qualitativen und quantitativen Analysen der Gase für die Abschätzung der Eignung einzelner Isolate als Gasproduzenten für ein biologisches Pflanzenschutzmittel durchgeführt“, erläuterte Professor Christian Stollberg. „Gleichzeitig werden Analyseverfahren zur späteren Qualitätsüberwachung der Gasproduktion im Fermenter erprobt.“ Hierbei beschreitet auch die Hochschule Wismar Neuland, da die GC-/MS-Methodik für dieses neue Fermentationssystem zunächst entwickelt werden muss.
Mit dem Vorhaben arbeitet die PROPHYTA Biologischer Pflanzenschutz GmbH an dem ersten System zur Nutzung von Fermentationsgasen aus Pilzen, die als biologisches Pflanzenschutzmittel zum Einsatz kommen sollen. Damit eröffnen sich Alternativen zu chemischen Pflanzenschutzmitteln am deutschen und auch weltweiten Markt mit einem hohen Vermarktungspotenzial. Das neu zu entwickelnde verdichtete gasförmige Pflanzenschutzmittel soll später in Lagerhäusern und Transportcontainern Anwendung finden, um Lagerfäule umweltschonend und ohne Rückstände zu bekämpfen und den Gebrauch toxischer Begasungsmittel deutlich einzuschränken. „Wir rechnen mit einer Produktionsreife in vier bis fünf Jahren“, so Dr. Peter Lüth. „Das Pflanzenschutzmittel soll in Wismar produziert werden, so dass wir als Unternehmen langfristig den Aufbau einer neuen Produktionslinie und eine Verdopplung der Gesamtproduktion planen.“
„Unser Ziel ist es, die Kultivierung des Pilzes im PROPHYTA-Feststofffermenter verfahrenstechnologisch so weit zu entwickeln, dass eine maximale Gasausbeute mit den optimal wirksamen Inhaltsstoffen erreicht wird“, sagte PROPHYTA-Geschäftsführer Dr. Peter Lüth. „Das ist die Voraussetzung, um die biologischen Pilzgase effektiv zur umweltfreundlichen Konservierung von Nahrungsmitteln einsetzen zu können.“ Die dafür von der PROPHYTA entwickelte Fermentationstechnologie stellt ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal dar, mit deren Hilfe Pilze kontrolliert zum Wachstum angeregt werden.
An dem Forschungsprojekt ist die Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften der Hochschule Wismar mit der Fachgruppe Verfahrenstechnik biogener Rohstoffe beteiligt. Die Wissenschaftler um Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christian Stollberg identifizieren und charakterisieren die während des Wachstumsprozesses freigesetzten Gase der Pilze auf ihre Zusammensetzung und Eignung als biologisches Pflanzenschutzmittel.
Die PROPHYTA Biologischer Pflanzenschutz GmbH mit Sitz in Malchow auf der Insel Poel wurde 1992 gegründet. Das Unternehmen entwickelt, produziert und vermarktet biologische Produkte, Verfahren und Dienstleistungen für den integrierten Pflanzenschutz. Bei den Produkten, die weltweit vertrieben werden, handelt es sich in erster Linie um Präparate auf Basis lebender Mikroorganismen.
Für die EU-Förderperiode von 2007 bis 2013 stehen dem Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern rund 155 Millionen Euro aus dem Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) und dem Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) für Forschung, Entwicklung und Innovation zur Verfügung.
Eingangsbild: Eine Mitarbeiterin der PROPHYTA GmbH bei der Qualitätskontrolle. (Quelle: PROPHYTA)
Quelle: Hochschule Wismar, PROPHYTA, bearbeitet von Tanja Sophie Gesk
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