Klimaforschung mit Hilfe einer Kugel
Bei der neuesten Verbundforschung des Landes dreht sich alles um das Klima. Drei Institutionen aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern arbeiten auf internationalem Spitzenniveau an einem neuen Projekt.
Prof. Markus Rapp, Abteilungsleiter Radar-Sondierungen und Höhenforschungsraketen am Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik e.V. Kühlungsborn (re.), zeigte Wirtschaftsminister Jürgen Seidel ein älteres Modell einer Raketenmesssonde, die allerdings keine ausreichend zuverlässigen Daten lieferte.
Von Anja Wagenblast
ROSTOCK / KÜHLUNGSBORN Mit dreifacher Schallgeschwindigkeit schnellt die Messkugel von der europäischen Raketenstation Andøya Rocket Range in Norwegen in die Höhe. In nur zwei Minuten erreicht sie ihre gewünschte Höhe von bis zu 120 km in der mittleren Atmosphäre und benötigt zwei weitere Minuten, um zur Erdoberfläche zurückzufallen und letztendlich im Atlantik zu verschwinden. Für die Wissenschaft wertvolle Minuten, in denen der kugelförmige Höhenforschungsraketensensor zahlreiche Daten aus Regionen liefert, die noch lange nicht vollständig erforscht sind.
Dieses Experiment ist das neueste Verbundforschungsvorhaben des Landes. Beteiligt sind Entwicklungsingenieure der argus electronic GmbH in Rostock, ebenso Wissenschaftler des Leibniz-Instituts für Atmosphärenphysik e.V. Kühlungsborn. Dritter im Bunde ist die Universität Rostock. Die Wissenschaftler stehen damit vor dem weltweiten Durchbruch bei der Neuentwicklung eines praktikablen Höhenforschungssensors, der hochaufgelöste Messungen zu elementaren Größen wie Dichten, Temperaturen und Winde liefern soll.
Da es bisher noch nicht gelungen ist, ein so kostengünstiges System zu entwickeln, das zudem noch eine niedrige Messungenauigkeit hat, besteht dementsprechend ein enormes Interesse an dem Rostocker Sensor und seinen Messdaten, die auch für die Klimaforschung von enormer Bedeutung sind. “Die Kooperation der drei Partner ist ein gutes Beispiel exzellenter Verbundforschung auf internationalem Spitzenniveau”, sagt Wirtschaftsminister Jürgen Seidel. “Wer gemeinsam mit der Wirtschaft im Land in der ersten Liga forscht, macht Mecklenburg-Vorpommern attraktiv für junge Wissenschaftler und Fachkräfte.”
Passenderweise trägt das Projekt den Namen “Hochaufgelöste Dichte-, Temperatur- und Windmessungen in der mittleren Atmosphäre” und liefert Daten aus der MuT-Region. Diese beschreibt die Mesosphäre und untere Thermosphäre in einem Höhenbereich von 50 km bis 120 km. Mit dem Prinzip der aktiv fallenden Kugel soll es nun kostengünstig und mit möglichst genauen Ergebnissen ermöglicht werden, neue Erkenntnisse über die Klimaveränderungen zu gewinnen.
„Es ist wissenschaftlich erwiesen, dass sich das Klima und die chemische Zusammensetzung der Erdatmosphäre in den letzten Jahrzehnten unter anderem durch menschliches Handeln signifikant verändert haben”, erläutert Professor Markus Rapp, Abteilungsleiter Radar-Sondierungen und Höhenforschungsraketen am Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik e. V. Kühlungsborn. Der MuT-Region wird beim Nachweis dieser Veränderungen eine große Rolle zugeschrieben. Allerdings ist der Zustand der Atmosphäre durch Wechselwirkungen komplexer dynamischer und chemischer Prozesse sowie durch Kopplungs- und Austauschsprozesse zwischen den einzelnen Schichten geprägt, die bis heute nicht vollständig verstanden sind.
Die verschiedenen Institutionen ergänzen sich in ihrer Zusammenarbeit gut. So arbeitet die argus electronic GmbH an der Entwicklung einer innovativen Sensor- und Messeinheit, mit deren Hilfe über eine Beschleunigungsmessung die Neutralgasdichte und daraus ein Temperaturprofil der Atmosphäre erstellt werden kann. „Zusätzlich soll das System eine ortsgenaue Bestimmung von horizontalen Winden liefern und an die Bodenstation senden”, so Geschäftsführer Rolf Pohlmann. Das Unternehmen ist im Verbund dafür verantwortlich, auf der Basis der durch die Forschungseinrichtungen ermittelten Anforderungen die technischen Lösungen für die fliegende Messkugel zu realisieren.
Das Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik an der Universität Rostock wird innerhalb des Vorhabens die Systemanforderungen an die zu entwickelnde Sensoreinheit über rechnerische Simulationen des Fluges ermitteln. Außerdem wird eine Kalibrieranlage aufgebaut, mit dem die empfindlichen Beschleunigungssensoren geeicht werden sollen. Ein weiterer Arbeitsschwerpunkt ist die Durchführung der Testflüge, die Auswertung der Messdaten sowie die Überprüfung der Messergebnisse durch Vergleich mit unabhängigen bodengebundenen Beobachtungen. „Wir werden mehrere Raketenstarts von der Andøya Rocket Range in Norwegen durchführen, um das System Schritt für Schritt zu verbessern“, kündigte Prof. Markus Rapp an.
Experten der Universität Rostock am Institut für Allgemeine Elektrotechnik werden die Projektpartner mit ihrer langjährigen Forschungskompetenz im Bereich der Sensorik unterstützen, indem sie unter anderem innovative Konzepte im Bereich der Beschleunigungssensorik entwickeln und in das Projekt einfließen lassen. Gleichfalls ist die Integration von Gyroskopen, Sensoren zur Messung der Drehgeschwindigkeit, notwendig, um eine Aussage über die Rotation der Kugel treffen zu können. Zudem wird die Thematik der Ortsbestimmung der Kugel von der Universität aufgegriffen, wodurch eine optimale Auslegung des Sensorsystems erreicht wird.
Durch das Verbundforschungsprojekt entstehen im Hochtechnologiebereich zehn neue Arbeitsplätze. „Moderne Innovations- und Technologiepolitik bedeutet, Rahmenbedingungen für zukunftsorientierte und attraktive Arbeitsplätze auf dem ersten Arbeitsmarkt für die Menschen in unserem Land zu schaffen“, erklärte Wirtschaftsminister Seidel. „Die 2007 vorgenommene Neuausrichtung der Technologie- und wirtschaftsnahen Forschungsförderung hat einen enormen Schub im Land ausgelöst. Noch nie wurde in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern so aktiv gemeinsam an neuen Produkten und Leistungen geforscht. Der Grundansatz, dass sich Wirtschaft und Forschung im Land vernetzen, das Know-how vor Ort gesichert wird und neue wissensbasierte Arbeitsplätze entstehen, funktioniert.“
Die Verbundpartner erhalten vom Wirtschaftsministerium aus Mitteln des Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) und des Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) einen Förderzuschuss in Höhe von 1,1 Millionen Euro. Das Gesamtprojektvolumen mit einer Laufzeit von drei Jahren beläuft sich auf 1,4 Millionen Euro.
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